IDENTIFICATION OF CURATIVE AND POISONOUS STONES IN THE TOLEDO LAPIDARIO MANUSCRIPT
(Translated from Arabic into Romance Spanish in 1,250 A.D., under the patronage of Alfonso X The Learned)
Javier Garcia-Guinea
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)
Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2
Madrid 28006 SPAIN
Consuelo de la Torre
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)
Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9
Madrid 28040 SPAIN
[#number = stone code used in the Maria Brey's version of the manuscript)]
--------------------------------------------------
1.- MINERALS
1.1.- NON-SILICATES
1.1.1.- Native elements
Copper (Cu) [#214]; Silver (Ag) [#102]; Gold (Au) [#62]; Lead (Pb) [# 103]; Mercury (Hg) [#116]; Iron (Fe) [# 54]; Arsenic (As) [#125]; Sulphur (S) [#65, 120, 121, 129, 241]; Diamond (C) [# 31], Graphite (C) [# 269],
1.1.2.- Sulphides
Sphalerite or Blenda (ZnS) [#285, 297]; Covellite (CuS) [#200]; Galena (PbS) [#112, 182]; Cinnabar (HgS) [#294]; Realgar (AsS) [#223, 233]; Orpiment (As2S3) [#150, 203, 224, 238, 276]; Antimonite (Sb2S3); [ #137, 196]; Molybdenite (MoS2) [#138]; Pyrite (FeS2) [#172, 173, 187, 201]; Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) [#53, 123, 124]; Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) [#174, 267].
1.1.3.- Halides
Halite (NaCl) [# 229, 230]; Sylvite (KCl) [# 184]; Sal ammoniac (NH4Cl) [#30]; Fluorite (CaF2) [# 110].
1.1.4.- Oxides & Hydroxides
Litharge (PbO) [# 115, 248]; Pyrolusite (MnO2) [# 189]; Corundum (Al2O3) [# 22, 43, 160, 258, 259, 280]; Hematite or Oligiste (Fe2O3) [# 12, 81, 89, 113, 195, 213, 292]; Magnetite (Fe3O4) [# 1, 201,]; Goethite (α-FeO(OH)) [# 67, 88, 143, 148, 167, 179, 198, 202, 246, 249]; Lepidocrocite (FeOOH) [# 29, 55, 133].
1.1.- NON-SILICATES
1.1.1.- Native elements
Copper (Cu) [#214]; Silver (Ag) [#102]; Gold (Au) [#62]; Lead (Pb) [# 103]; Mercury (Hg) [#116]; Iron (Fe) [# 54]; Arsenic (As) [#125]; Sulphur (S) [#65, 120, 121, 129, 241]; Diamond (C) [# 31], Graphite (C) [# 269],
1.1.2.- Sulphides
Sphalerite or Blenda (ZnS) [#285, 297]; Covellite (CuS) [#200]; Galena (PbS) [#112, 182]; Cinnabar (HgS) [#294]; Realgar (AsS) [#223, 233]; Orpiment (As2S3) [#150, 203, 224, 238, 276]; Antimonite (Sb2S3); [ #137, 196]; Molybdenite (MoS2) [#138]; Pyrite (FeS2) [#172, 173, 187, 201]; Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) [#53, 123, 124]; Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) [#174, 267].
1.1.3.- Halides
Halite (NaCl) [# 229, 230]; Sylvite (KCl) [# 184]; Sal ammoniac (NH4Cl) [#30]; Fluorite (CaF2) [# 110].
1.1.4.- Oxides & Hydroxides
Litharge (PbO) [# 115, 248]; Pyrolusite (MnO2) [# 189]; Corundum (Al2O3) [# 22, 43, 160, 258, 259, 280]; Hematite or Oligiste (Fe2O3) [# 12, 81, 89, 113, 195, 213, 292]; Magnetite (Fe3O4) [# 1, 201,]; Goethite (α-FeO(OH)) [# 67, 88, 143, 148, 167, 179, 198, 202, 246, 249]; Lepidocrocite (FeOOH) [# 29, 55, 133].
1.1.5.- Carbonates
Calcite (CaCO3) [# 19, 49, 61, 73, 90, 96, 97, 100, 107, 141, 145, 219, 240, 260]; Siderite (FeCO3) [#235]; Malachite (Cu2(CO3)(OH)2) [# 91, 92, 134]; Azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) [# 92, 180, 277]; Natron (Na2CO3 · 10H2O) [#228].
1.1.6.- Sulphates
Barite (BaSO4) [#195]; Chalcanthite (CuSO4 · 5H2O) [# 94, 131]; Melanterite (FeSO4 · 7H2O) [# 128, 243, 261]; Pisanite (Copper melanterite (Fe, Cu)SO4 · 7H2O) [# 7]; Goslarite (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) [# 132, 242]; Gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) [# 98, 106, 142, 266]; Mirabilite (Na2SO4 · 10H2O) [#231]; Copiapite (Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20 · H2O) [#130]; Jarosite (KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6) [#162]; Potassium-alum (KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O) [# 232, 244, 281]; Amarantite (Fe3+(SO4)(OH) · 3H2O) [#165].
1.1.7.- Phosphates & Arsenates
Variscite (AlPO4 · 2H2O) [# 46]; Turquoise (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O) [# 134];
Erythrite (Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O) [#237]; Scorodite (Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O) [# 59, 60, 122, 198, 199, 215, 273, 284, 299]
1.2.- SILICATES
1.2.1.- Nesosilicates
Phenakite (Be2SiO4) [# 38, 68, 283]; Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4) [# 47, 210]
1.2.2.- Sorosilicates
Melilite (Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe++)(Si,Al)2O7) [# 9]
1.2.3.- Cyclosilicates
Beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) [# 295]
1.2.4.- Inosilicates
Orthochrysotile (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4) [# 50]
1.2.5.- Phyllosilicates
Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) [# 13]; Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) [#251]; Illite (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)] [# 44, 71, 104, 252, 254, 257]; Sepiolite (Mg4Si6O15(OH)2 · 6H2O) [# 69, 85, 169, 207]; Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0,3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·n(H2O) [#70, 177, 208]; Corrensite (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)9(Si,Al)8O20(OH)10·n(H2O) [#119, 255]; Chrysocolla (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4 · n(H2O) [#134, 217].
1.2.6.- Tectosilicates
Quartz (SiO2) [#2, 8, 20, 21, 23, 24, 34, 58, 72, 74, 78, 83, 87, 163, 178, 179, 183, 201, 206, 216, 236, 239, 247, 250, 253, 264, 270, 275, 278, 282, 290]; Feldspar (Na, K)AlSi3O8 [#51, 44, 163, 221, 222]; Natrolite (Na2[Al2Si3O10] · 2H2O) [# 108]; Lazurite (Na3Ca(Al3Si3O12)S) [# 263]
2.- ROCKS
2.1.- IGNEOUS
2.1.1.- VOLCANIC
Basalt [#139, 210]; Ash-flow [#287]; Obsidian [#18, 32, 37, 39, 166, 168]; Pumice [#10, 37, 63, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 191, 256, 265, 268, 274].
2.1.2.- VEINS
Graphic pegmatite texture [#51]
2.1.3.- METAMORPHIC
Serpentine [#84]; Schist [#161]; Quartzite [#188]
2.2.- SEDIMENTARY
2.2.1.- ORGANIC
2.2.1.1.- Coals
Jet, lignite (~85% C) [#3, 151, 212, 245]; Amber [#66]; Bituminous stone [#192], Coal [#286].
2.2.1.2.- Fossils
Plant Calcite (CaCO3) [#135]; Echinoderm Calcite (CaCO3) [#109];
3. STONES IN ANIMALS
Oyster Pearl [# 11], Coral [# 41,42], Aplysia dactinomela (sea hare) [# 52, 56], Bladder and kidney stones [# 57], Swallow [# 79], Tooth of Phylina aperta (sea crab) [# 86], Plates of Turtle from the Red sea [# 101], Turkey [# 114], Fish head from some ponds [#170, 181, 204], Ram [# 205], Bull gall [# 220], Hare heart [# 272], Sponge [# 274], Sea snail [# 296], Sea crab backbone [# 298].
4. ARTIFICIAL COMPOUNDS
Verdigris (Copper(II) acetate, Cu(CH3COO)2) [# 93]
1.2.- SILICATES
1.2.1.- Nesosilicates
Phenakite (Be2SiO4) [# 38, 68, 283]; Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4) [# 47, 210]
1.2.2.- Sorosilicates
Melilite (Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe++)(Si,Al)2O7) [# 9]
1.2.3.- Cyclosilicates
Beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) [# 295]
1.2.4.- Inosilicates
Orthochrysotile (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4) [# 50]
1.2.5.- Phyllosilicates
Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) [# 13]; Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) [#251]; Illite (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)] [# 44, 71, 104, 252, 254, 257]; Sepiolite (Mg4Si6O15(OH)2 · 6H2O) [# 69, 85, 169, 207]; Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0,3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·n(H2O) [#70, 177, 208]; Corrensite (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)9(Si,Al)8O20(OH)10·n(H2O) [#119, 255]; Chrysocolla (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4 · n(H2O) [#134, 217].
1.2.6.- Tectosilicates
Quartz (SiO2) [#2, 8, 20, 21, 23, 24, 34, 58, 72, 74, 78, 83, 87, 163, 178, 179, 183, 201, 206, 216, 236, 239, 247, 250, 253, 264, 270, 275, 278, 282, 290]; Feldspar (Na, K)AlSi3O8 [#51, 44, 163, 221, 222]; Natrolite (Na2[Al2Si3O10] · 2H2O) [# 108]; Lazurite (Na3Ca(Al3Si3O12)S) [# 263]
2.- ROCKS
2.1.- IGNEOUS
2.1.1.- VOLCANIC
Basalt [#139, 210]; Ash-flow [#287]; Obsidian [#18, 32, 37, 39, 166, 168]; Pumice [#10, 37, 63, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 191, 256, 265, 268, 274].
2.1.2.- VEINS
Graphic pegmatite texture [#51]
2.1.3.- METAMORPHIC
Serpentine [#84]; Schist [#161]; Quartzite [#188]
2.2.- SEDIMENTARY
2.2.1.- ORGANIC
2.2.1.1.- Coals
Jet, lignite (~85% C) [#3, 151, 212, 245]; Amber [#66]; Bituminous stone [#192], Coal [#286].
2.2.1.2.- Fossils
Plant Calcite (CaCO3) [#135]; Echinoderm Calcite (CaCO3) [#109];
3. STONES IN ANIMALS
Oyster Pearl [# 11], Coral [# 41,42], Aplysia dactinomela (sea hare) [# 52, 56], Bladder and kidney stones [# 57], Swallow [# 79], Tooth of Phylina aperta (sea crab) [# 86], Plates of Turtle from the Red sea [# 101], Turkey [# 114], Fish head from some ponds [#170, 181, 204], Ram [# 205], Bull gall [# 220], Hare heart [# 272], Sponge [# 274], Sea snail [# 296], Sea crab backbone [# 298].
4. ARTIFICIAL COMPOUNDS
Verdigris (Copper(II) acetate, Cu(CH3COO)2) [# 93]
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario