IDENTIFICATION OF CURATIVE AND POISONOUS STONES IN THE TOLEDO LAPIDARIO MANUSCRIPT

(Translated from Arabic into Romance Spanish in 1,250 A.D., under the patronage of Alfonso X The Learned)

Javier Garcia-Guinea
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)
Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2
Madrid 28006 SPAIN

Consuelo de la Torre
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)
Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9
Madrid 28040 SPAIN

[#number = stone code used in the Maria Brey's version of the manuscript)]

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1.- MINERALS

1.1.- NON-SILICATES

1.1.1.- Native elements
Copper (Cu) [#214]; Silver (Ag) [#102]; Gold (Au) [#62]; Lead (Pb) [# 103]; Mercury (Hg) [#116]; Iron (Fe) [# 54]; Arsenic (As) [#125]; Sulphur (S) [#65, 120, 121, 129, 241]; Diamond (C) [# 31], Graphite (C) [# 269],

1.1.2.- Sulphides
Sphalerite or Blenda (ZnS) [#285, 297]; Covellite (CuS) [#200]; Galena (PbS) [#112, 182]; Cinnabar (HgS) [#294]; Realgar (AsS) [#223, 233]; Orpiment (As₂S₃) [#150, 203, 224, 238, 276]; Antimonite (Sb₂S₃); [ #137, 196]; Molybdenite (MoS₂) [#138]; Pyrite (FeS₂) [#172, 173, 187, 201]; Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) [#53, 123, 124]; Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) [#174, 267].

1.1.3.- Halides
Halite (NaCl) [# 229, 230]; Sylvite (KCl) [# 184]; Sal ammoniac (NH₄Cl) [#30]; Fluorite (CaF₂) [# 110].

1.1.4.- Oxides & Hydroxides
Litharge (PbO) [# 115, 248]; Pyrolusite (MnO₂) [# 189]; Corundum (Al₂O₃) [# 22, 43, 160, 258, 259, 280]; Hematite or Oligiste (Fe₂O₃) [# 12, 81, 89, 113, 195, 213, 292]; Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) [# 1, 201,]; Goethite (α-FeO(OH)) [# 67, 88, 143, 148, 167, 179, 198, 202, 246, 249]; Lepidocrocite (FeOOH) [# 29, 55, 133].

1.1.5.- Carbonates
Calcite (CaCO₃) [# 19, 49, 61, 73, 90, 96, 97, 100, 107, 141, 145, 219, 240, 260]; Siderite (FeCO₃) [#235]; Malachite (Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂) [# 91, 92, 134]; Azurite (Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂) [# 92, 180, 277]; Natron (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O) [#228].

1.1.6.- Sulphates
Barite (BaSO₄) [#195]; Chalcanthite (CuSO₄ · 5H₂O) [# 94, 131]; Melanterite (FeSO₄ · 7H₂O) [# 128, 243, 261]; Pisanite (Copper melanterite (Fe, Cu)SO₄ · 7H2O) [# 7]; Goslarite (ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O) [# 132, 242]; Gypsum (CaSO₄ · 2H₂O) [# 98, 106, 142, 266]; Mirabilite (Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O) [#231]; Copiapite (Fe²⁺Fe³⁺4(SO₄)₆(OH)₂·20 · H₂O) [#130]; Jarosite (KFe3+3(SO₄)₂(OH)₆) [#162]; Potassium-alum (KAl(SO₄)₂ · 12H₂O) [# 232, 244, 281]; Amarantite (Fe³⁺(SO₄)(OH) · 3H₂O) [#165].

1.1.7.- Phosphates & Arsenates
Variscite (AlPO₄ · 2H₂O) [# 46]; Turquoise (CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈ · 4H₂O) [# 134];

Erythrite (Co₃(AsO₄)₂ · 8H₂O) [#237]; Scorodite (Fe³⁺AsO₄ · 2H₂O) [# 59, 60, 122, 198, 199, 215, 273, 284, 299]

1.2.- SILICATES

1.2.1.- Nesosilicates
Phenakite (Be₂SiO₄) [# 38, 68, 283]; Olivine (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄) [# 47, 210]

1.2.2.- Sorosilicates
Melilite (Ca,Na)₂(Al,Mg,Fe⁺⁺)(Si,Al)₂O₇) [# 9]

1.2.3.- Cyclosilicates
Beryl (Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈) [# 295]

1.2.4.- Inosilicates
Orthochrysotile (Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄) [# 50]

1.2.5.- Phyllosilicates
Kaolinite (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄) [# 13]; Talc (Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂) [#251]; Illite (K,H₃O)(Al,Mg,Fe)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀[(OH)₂,(H₂O)] [# 44, 71, 104, 252, 254, 257]; Sepiolite (Mg₄Si₆O₁₅(OH)₂ · 6H₂O) [# 69, 85, 169, 207]; Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)_0,3(Al,Mg)₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂·n(H₂O) [#70, 177, 208]; Corrensite (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)₉(Si,Al)₈O₂₀(OH)₁₀·n(H₂O) [#119, 255]; Chrysocolla (Cu,Al)₂H₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ · n(H₂O) [#134, 217].

1.2.6.- Tectosilicates
Quartz (SiO₂) [#2, 8, 20, 21, 23, 24, 34, 58, 72, 74, 78, 83, 87, 163, 178, 179, 183, 201, 206, 216, 236, 239, 247, 250, 253, 264, 270, 275, 278, 282, 290]; Feldspar (Na, K)AlSi₃O₈ [#51, 44, 163, 221, 222]; Natrolite (Na₂[Al₂Si₃O₁₀] · 2H₂O) [# 108]; Lazurite (Na₃Ca(Al₃Si₃O₁₂)S) [# 263]

2.- ROCKS

2.1.- IGNEOUS

2.1.1.- VOLCANIC
Basalt [#139, 210]; Ash-flow [#287]; Obsidian [#18, 32, 37, 39, 166, 168]; Pumice [#10, 37, 63, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 191, 256, 265, 268, 274].

2.1.2.- VEINS
Graphic pegmatite texture [#51]

2.1.3.- METAMORPHIC
Serpentine [#84]; Schist [#161]; Quartzite [#188]

2.2.- SEDIMENTARY

2.2.1.- ORGANIC

2.2.1.1.- Coals
Jet, lignite (~85% C) [#3, 151, 212, 245]; Amber [#66]; Bituminous stone [#192], Coal [#286].

2.2.1.2.- Fossils
Plant Calcite (CaCO3) [#135]; Echinoderm Calcite (CaCO3) [#109];

3. STONES IN ANIMALS
Oyster Pearl [# 11], Coral [# 41,42], Aplysia dactinomela (sea hare) [# 52, 56], Bladder and kidney stones [# 57], Swallow [# 79], Tooth of Phylina aperta (sea crab) [# 86], Plates of Turtle from the Red sea [# 101], Turkey [# 114], Fish head from some ponds [#170, 181, 204], Ram [# 205], Bull gall [# 220], Hare heart [# 272], Sponge [# 274], Sea snail [# 296], Sea crab backbone [# 298].

4. ARTIFICIAL COMPOUNDS
Verdigris (Copper(II) acetate, Cu(CH₃COO)₂) [# 93]