miércoles, 17 de octubre de 2007

domingo, 14 de octubre de 2007

IDENTIFICATION OF CURATIVE AND POISONOUS STONES IN THE TOLEDO LAPIDARIO MANUSCRIPT
(Translated from Arabic into Romance Spanish in 1,250 A.D., under the patronage of Alfonso X The Learned)


Javier Garcia-Guinea
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)
Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2
Madrid 28006 SPAIN

Consuelo de la Torre
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)
Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9
Madrid 28040 SPAIN








[#number = stone code used in the Maria Brey's version of the manuscript)]


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1.- MINERALS

1.1.- NON-SILICATES

1.1.1.- Native elements
Copper (Cu) [#214]; Silver (Ag) [#102]; Gold (Au) [#62]; Lead (Pb) [# 103]; Mercury (Hg) [#116]; Iron (Fe) [# 54]; Arsenic (As) [#125]; Sulphur (S) [#65, 120, 121, 129, 241]; Diamond (C) [# 31], Graphite (C) [# 269],

1.1.2.- Sulphides
Sphalerite or Blenda (ZnS) [#285, 297]; Covellite (CuS) [#200]; Galena (PbS) [#112, 182]; Cinnabar (HgS) [#294]; Realgar (AsS) [#223, 233]; Orpiment (As2S3) [#150, 203, 224, 238, 276]; Antimonite (Sb2S3); [ #137, 196]; Molybdenite (MoS2) [#138]; Pyrite (FeS2) [#172, 173, 187, 201]; Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) [#53, 123, 124]; Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) [#174, 267].

1.1.3.- Halides
Halite (NaCl) [# 229, 230]; Sylvite (KCl) [# 184]; Sal ammoniac (NH4Cl) [#30]; Fluorite (CaF2) [# 110].

1.1.4.- Oxides & Hydroxides
Litharge (PbO) [# 115, 248]; Pyrolusite (MnO2) [# 189]; Corundum (Al2O3) [# 22, 43, 160, 258, 259, 280]; Hematite or Oligiste (Fe2O3) [# 12, 81, 89, 113, 195, 213, 292]; Magnetite (Fe3O4) [# 1, 201,]; Goethite (α-FeO(OH)) [# 67, 88, 143, 148, 167, 179, 198, 202, 246, 249]; Lepidocrocite (FeOOH) [# 29, 55, 133].


1.1.5.- Carbonates
Calcite (CaCO3) [# 19, 49, 61, 73, 90, 96, 97, 100, 107, 141, 145, 219, 240, 260]; Siderite (FeCO3) [#235]; Malachite (Cu2(CO3)(OH)2) [# 91, 92, 134]; Azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) [# 92, 180, 277]; Natron (Na2CO3 · 10H2O) [#228].

1.1.6.- Sulphates
Barite (BaSO4) [#195]; Chalcanthite (CuSO4 · 5H2O) [# 94, 131]; Melanterite (FeSO4 · 7H2O) [# 128, 243, 261]; Pisanite (Copper melanterite (Fe, Cu)SO4 · 7H2O) [# 7]; Goslarite (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) [# 132, 242]; Gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) [# 98, 106, 142, 266]; Mirabilite (Na2SO4 · 10H2O) [#231]; Copiapite (Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20 · H2O) [#130]; Jarosite (KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6) [#162]; Potassium-alum (KAl(SO4)· 12H2O) [# 232, 244, 281]; Amarantite (Fe3+(SO4)(OH) · 3H2O) [#165].


1.1.7.-
Phosphates & Arsenates
Variscite (AlPO4 · 2H2O) [# 46]; Turquoise (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O) [# 134];


Erythrite (Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O) [#237]; Scorodite (Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O) [# 59, 60, 122, 198, 199, 215, 273, 284, 299]

1.2.- SILICATES

1.2.1.- Nesosilicates
Phenakite (Be2SiO4) [# 38, 68, 283]; Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4) [# 47, 210]

1.2.2.- Sorosilicates
Melilite (Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe++)(Si,Al)2O7) [# 9]

1.2.3.- Cyclosilicates
Beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) [# 295]

1.2.4.- Inosilicates
Orthochrysotile (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4) [# 50]

1.2.5.- Phyllosilicates
Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) [# 13]; Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) [#251]; Illite (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)] [# 44, 71, 104, 252, 254, 257]; Sepiolite (Mg4Si6O15(OH)2 · 6H2O) [# 69, 85, 169, 207]; Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0,3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·n(H2O) [#70, 177, 208]; Corrensite (Ca,Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)9(Si,Al)8O20(OH)10·n(H2O) [#119, 255]; Chrysocolla (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4 · n(H2O) [#134, 217].

1.2.6.- Tectosilicates
Quartz (SiO2) [#2, 8, 20, 21, 23, 24, 34, 58, 72, 74, 78, 83, 87, 163, 178, 179, 183, 201, 206, 216, 236, 239, 247, 250, 253, 264, 270, 275, 278, 282, 290]; Feldspar (Na, K)AlSi3O8 [#51, 44, 163, 221, 222]; Natrolite (Na2[Al2Si3O10] · 2H2O) [# 108]; Lazurite (Na3Ca(Al3Si3O12)S) [# 263]

2.-
ROCKS

2.1.- IGNEOUS

2.1.1.- VOLCANIC
Basalt [#139, 210]; Ash-flow [#287]; Obsidian [#18, 32, 37, 39, 166, 168]; Pumice [#10, 37, 63, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 191, 256, 265, 268, 274].

2.1.2.- VEINS
Graphic pegmatite texture [#51]

2.1.3.- METAMORPHIC
Serpentine [#84]; Schist [#161]; Quartzite [#188]

2.2.- SEDIMENTARY

2.2.1.- ORGANIC

2.2.1.1.- Coals
Jet, lignite (~85% C) [#3, 151, 212, 245]; Amber [#66]; Bituminous stone [#192], Coal [#286].

2.2.1.2.- Fossils
Plant Calcite (CaCO3) [#135]; Echinoderm Calcite (CaCO3) [#109];

3. STONES IN ANIMALS
Oyster Pearl [# 11], Coral [# 41,42], Aplysia dactinomela (sea hare) [# 52, 56], Bladder and kidney stones [# 57], Swallow [# 79], Tooth of Phylina aperta (sea crab) [# 86], Plates of Turtle from the Red sea [# 101], Turkey [# 114], Fish head from some ponds [#170, 181, 204], Ram [# 205], Bull gall [# 220], Hare heart [# 272], Sponge [# 274], Sea snail [# 296], Sea crab backbone [# 298].

4. ARTIFICIAL COMPOUNDS
Verdigris (Copper(II) acetate, Cu(CH3COO)2) [# 93]